Hostile Environment Being Pervasive Or Severe
Otis Daniel v T&M Protection Services: illustrative
“Where summary judgment was granted for the employer, we must take the facts alleged by the employee to be true.” Redd v. N.Y. Div. of Parole, 678 F.3d 166, 174 (2d Cir. 2012)
To establish a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must show “(1) that the workplace was permeated with discriminatory intimidation that was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of his or her work environment, and (2) that a specific basis exists for imputing the conduct that created the hostile environment to the employer.” Petrosino v. Bell Atl., 385 F.3d 210, 221 (2d Cir. 2004) (brackets omitted). “Isolated incidents usually will not suffice to establish a hostile work environment, although [this Court has] often noted that even a single episode of harassment can establish a hostile work environment if the incident is sufficiently severe.” Redd, 678 F.3d at 175-76 (internal quotation marks omitted).
I. Supervisor’s Statement to Daniel, “You Fucking Nigger”
First, we review whether, as proposed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), the one-time use of the slur “nigger” from a supervisor to a subordinate can, by itself, support a hostile work environment claim. The district court held that it could not, relying on Schwapp v. Town of Avon, 118 F.3d 106, 110 (2d Cir. 1997).
We must disagree with the district court’s assessment of Schwapp. Schwapp states that, “[f]or racist comments, slurs, and jokes to constitute a hostile work environment, there must be more than a few isolated incidents of racial enmity, meaning that[,] instead of sporadic racial slurs, there must be a steady barrage of opprobrious racial comments.” Id. at 110 (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted). “Thus, whether racial slurs constitute a hostile work environment typically depends upon the quantity, frequency, and severity of those slurs, considered cumulatively in order to obtain a realistic view of the work environment.” Id. at 11011 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Schwapp, therefore, did not foreclose the possibility that the one-time use of a severe racial slur could, by itself, support a hostile work environment claim when evaluated in the cumulative reality of the work environment. The district court’s reading of Schwapp is further at variance with this Court’s more recent observation, in dicta, that “perhaps no single act can more quickly alter the conditions of employment and create an abusive working environment than the use of an unambiguously racial epithet such as ‘nigger’ by a supervisor in the presence of his subordinates.” Rivera v. Rochester Genesee Reg’l Transp. Auth., 743 F.3d 11, 24 (2d Cir. 2014) (emphasis added) (brackets omitted). Therefore, although we decline to confront the issue of whether the one-time use of the slur “nigger” by a supervisor to a subordinate can, by itself, support a claim for a hostile work environment, we conclude that the district court improperly relied on our precedents when it rejected this possibility as a matter of law.
II. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Due to “Perceived Sexual Orientation”
Next, the district court properly construed Daniel’s sex-related discrimination claims as sexual harassment claims under Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 79-80 (1998), which held that “male-on-male sexual harassment” is prohibited by Title VII when the plaintiff demonstrates that he was harassed because of his sex. Additionally, although we have held Title VII does not currently protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation, see Zarda v. Altitude Express, No. 15-3775, slip op. at 7-8 (2d Cir. Apr. 18, 2017), it does offer protection for discrimination because of the plaintiff’s failure to conform to gender norms, see Anonymous v. Omnicom Grp., Inc., No. 16-748, 2017 WL 1130183, at *3-*4 (2d Cir. Mar. 27, 2017).
Here, the district court properly construed as sexual harassment the alleged incident when Daniel’s supervisor brushed his genitalia against Daniel’s buttocks. See Redd, 678 F.3d at 177 (“Direct contact with an intimate body part constitutes one of the most severe forms of sexual harassment[.]”). Furthermore, Daniel’s claims that his supervisor frequently called him a “homo” and told him to “Man up, be a man,” can be properly construed as harassment because of Daniel’s failure to conform to gender stereotypes. See Omnicom Grp., Inc., 2017 WL 1130183, at *3-*4. Thus, Daniel’s sex discrimination claims were properly considered by the district court.
III. Failure to Consider Facially Neutral Incidents in Evaluating Claims
The district court erred, however, by failing to include in its analysis some of the complained-of facially neutral incidents of harassment. We have held that a plaintiff may rely upon facially neutral conduct to bolster a harassment claim when “the same individual engaged in multiple acts of harassment, some overtly [based on a protected characteristic] and some not.” Kaytor v. Elec. Boat Corp., 609 F.3d 537, 547-48 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotations marks and citation omitted). First, with respect to Daniel’s racial harassment claim, Daniel’s supervisor’s inquiry as to whether Daniel stole a computer—combined with the supervisor’s overtly racist remarks—should not have been ignored by the district court. Because “some evidentiary basis” existed for inferring that this “neutral” incident was animated by hostility because of Daniel’s race, it should have been considered as part of Daniel’s racial harassment claim. See id. at 54849. Second, with respect to Daniel’s sexual harassment claim, the district court failed to consider Daniel’s testimony that his supervisor repeatedly watched him nap and change his clothes as evidence of additional incidents of sexual discrimination and harassment. This evidence should have been included in the district court’s analysis because of the overt sexual harassment Daniel experienced from his supervisor. See id. Instead, the district court improperly credited T&M’s argument that the supervisor had a neutral motive for watching Daniel, instead of drawing an inference in Daniel’s favor as the district court must on a motion for summary judgment. See Redd, 678 F.3d at 174.
IV. The District Court’s Failure to Properly Apply the Harris v. Forklift Factors
Finally, the district court erred by determining that, as a matter of law, Daniel failed to allege incidents of harassment sufficient to support a hostile work environment claim. Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17 (1993), provides that courts may determine “whether an environment is hostile or abusive . . . only by looking at all the circumstances” of the work environment, which include “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. at 23 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, Daniel alleged approximately twenty discrete incidents of harassment during his 15-month employment, and at least two incidents strike this Court as severe (being called a “nigger” by his supervisor, and his supervisor brushing his genitalia against Daniel’s buttocks). In addition, the sexual harassment Daniel faced could be perceived as threatening. Finally, although Daniel missed only one day of work because of the harassment he experienced, “no single factor is required” in order for a hostile work environment claim to survive summary judgment.
In sum, Daniel presents a persistent pattern of harassment that began as soon as he was hired by T&M and continued until his termination. See Redd, 678 F.3d at 174. The evidence that Daniel was harassed on multiple fronts—because of his race, sex, and national origin—should also be considered when evaluating Daniel’s work environment as a whole. See Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc., 202 F.3d 560, 572 (2d Cir. 2000) (recognizing racial harassment can exacerbate the effect of sexual harassment and vice versa). Reviewed in the aggregate, the harassment Daniel allegedly experienced could be found to “alter the conditions of [his] employment and create an abusive work environment” in violation of Title VII. See Oncale, 523 U.S. at 78.
Accordingly, we VACATE the judgment of the district court and REMAND for further
